RADAR CROSS-SECTION IMAGING IN SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR WITH LINEAR ANTENNA ARRAY AND ADAPTIVE RECEIVER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2020-3-1Keywords:
Synthetic aperture radar, radar cross section, statistical optimization, optimal acquisition mode, superresolution method, cognitive radars.Abstract
Context. There are a large number of RCS estimation methods in synthetic-aperture radars (SAR), which differ by precision, RCS recovery time of an observation area and complexity of implementation. At the same time, the optimal method, which is a generalization of all existing ones and characterizes both spatial and temporal optimal signal processing, has not been synthesized. Also, usually problem statements do not take into account the stochastic structure of signals reflected from most underlying surfaces. As a result, further ways of improving resolution, optimal SAR structure and maximum achievable precision of estimation of RCS are not determined.
Objective. The goal of the work is to solve the problem of synthesis of the optimal method of RCS surfaces restoration as a statistical characteristic of spatially-inhomogeneous random scattering coefficient in aerospace-based radio engineering systems with moving linear antenna arrays and adaptive spatio-temporal signal processing.
Method. Applying the method of maximum likelihood estimation and taking into account a priori information about the statistical characteristics of the received spatio-temporal fields a super-resolution method of RCS estimation on spatial coordinates is derived. The generalized problem statement has shown the optimal method of surface observation that allows to overcome the contradiction between the size of the observation area and the accuracy of the parameter estimates. The obtained method allows to achieve highest resolution (as for SpotLight mode) of radar images for wide area of observation (as for Stripmap mode). It is shown that the general algorithm can be adapted to particular solutions with limited statements of the problem. In contrast to the well-known method of aperture synthesis the processing of the received field in the antenna array and receiver is adaptive and depends on the signal-to-noise ratio.
Results. The optimal method of area scanning in onboard SAR with antenna arrays and the corresponding method of adaptive spatio-temporal signal processing can be used to describe the receiving path of cognitive on-board radar for remote sensing.
Conclusions. The obtained optimal method can be considered as a modified method of aperture synthesis with a multi-beam spotlight mode with the possibility of adaptive radiation pattern formation and signal time processing. In contrast to the classical method performing matched-filtering of the received signal with the reference signal, the modified method additionally decorrelates signals reflected from the earth’s surface. As a result of this decorrelation the characteristic intervals of speckles (the size of the spotted pattern of the image) will be significantly smaller than with match-filtering. Therefore, their subsequent smoothing with the same efficiency can be performed by windows of smaller width. Such processing together with a multi-beam spotlight mode will significantly increase the resolution of the SAR with an expanded area of view.
References
Gart J. Electronics and Aerospace Industry in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968: Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Goodyear Aircraft: thesis … doctor of philosophy. Tempe, Arizona State University, 2006, 335 p.
Kreiger G., Younis M., Huber S. et al. Digital beamforming and MIMO SAR: Review and new concepts, EUSAR : 9th European Conference, Nuremberg, 23–26 April 2012 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2012, pp. 11–14.
Pavlikov V. V., Nguyen K., Tymoshchuk O. M. Algorithm for radiometric imaging by ultrawideband systems of aperture synthesis, IEEE Radar Methods and Systems Workshop, Kiev, 27–28 September 2016 : proceedings. Kiev, IEEE, 2016, pp. 103–106. DOI:10.1109/RMSW.2016.7778561
Pavlikov V. V., Nguyen K., Tymoshchuk O. M. New method for the spatio-spectral sensitivity domain filling and radiometric imaging with high resolution in aperture synthesis systems, Eurasian Journal of Mathematical and Computer Applications, 2016, Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 44–53. DOI: 10.32523/2306-6172-2016-4-4-44-53
Pavlikov V. V., Nguyen K. Optimal algorithm for estimation of radio brightness of an extended source of radio thermal radiation in the ultra-wideband radiometric complex with a three-element-antenna system, Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science : 13th International Conference, Lviv, 23–26 February 2016 : proceedings. Lviv, Publishing House of Lviv Polytechnic, 2016, pp. 236–239. DOI:10.1109/TCSET.2016.7452023
Pavlikov V. V., Nguyen K., Tymoshchuk O. M. Optimal structural synthesis of multi-antenna ultra-wideband radiometric complex, Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves : 9th International Kharkiv Symposium, Kharkiv, 20–24 June 2016 : proceedings. Kharkiv, IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–4. DOI:10.1109/MSMW.2016.7538181
Adamiuk G., Gabele M., Loinger A. et al. Technology demonstration for future DBF based spaceborne SAR missions, EUSAR : 12th European Conference, Aachen, 4–7 June 2018 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2018, pp. 21–26.
Bulygin M., Baranov A., Chechina I. et al. Digital radar module for digital AESA of spaceborne SAR, EUSAR : 12th European Conference, Aachen, 4–7 June 2018 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2018, pp. 79–82.
Rostan F., Riegger S., Huchler M. et al. The Sentinel-1 CSAR Instrument Design & Performance, EUSAR : 8th European Conference, Aachen, 7–10 June 2010 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2010, pp. 292–294.
Pavlikov V. V. Algorithm of optimum restoration of the radiometric image in two-antenna broadband system of aperture synthesis, Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves : 8th International Kharkov Symposium, Kharkov, 23–28 June 2013 : proceedings. Kharkov, IEEE, 2013, pp. 605–607. DOI:10.1109/MSMW.2013.6622156
Pavlikov V. V. Optimal restoration of radiometric images in ultrawideband radiometric systems with multi-antenna array, Antenna Theory and Techniques : 9th International Conference, Odessa, 16–20 September 2013 : proceedings. Odessa, IEEE, 2013, pp. 298–300. DOI:10.1109/ICATT.2013.6650757
Rommel T., Rincon R., Younis M. et al. Implementation of a MIMO SAR Imaging Mode for NASA's Next Generation Airborne L-Band SAR, EUSAR : 12th European Conference, Aachen, 4–7 June 2018 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2018, pp. 32–36.
Wang J, Zhu KH, Wang LN et al. A Novel Orthogonal Waveform Separation Scheme for Airborne MIMO-SAR Systems, Sensors, 2018, Vol. 18, Issue 10, pp. 1–12. DOI:10.3390/s18103580
Marin C., Bovolo F., Bruzzone L. Building Change Detection in Multitemporal Very High Resolution SAR Images, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2015, Vol. 53, Issue 5, pp. 2664–2682. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2014.2363548
Cho J. H., Park C. G. Multiple Feature Aggregation Using Convolutional Neural Networks for SAR Image-Based Automatic Target Recognition, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2018, Vol. 15, Issue 12, pp. 1882– 1886.
Buck C., Gebert N., Angevain J. C. et al. An Overview of ESA Activities in Support of Direct Ocean Surface Current Measurement from Space, EUSAR : 12th European Conference, Aachen, 4–7 June 2018 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2018, pp. 1417–1422.
Damini A., McDonald M., Haslam G. E. X-band wideband experimental airborne radar for SAR, GMTI and maritime surveillance, IEE Proceedings – Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 2003, Vol. 150, Issue 4, pp. 305–312. DOI: 10.1049/ip-rsn:20030654
Xinzhe Y., Jianqiang L., Chunhua X., Tao Z. et al. Application of spaceborne SAR imagery in monitoring green algae, APSAR : 2nd Asian-Pacific Conference, Xian, 26–30 October 2009 : proceedings. Xian, IEEE, 2009, pp. 129–131. DOI: 10.1109/APSAR.2009.5374140
Brunner D., Schulz K., Brehm T. Building damage assessment in decimeter resolution SAR imagery: A future perspective, Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, Munich, 11–13 April 2011. Munich, IEEE, 2011, pp. 217–220. DOI: 10.1109/JURSE.2011.5764759
Maksymiuk O., Schmitt M., Brenner A. R. et al. First investigations on detection of stationary vehicles in airborne decimeter resolution SAR data by supervised learning, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, 22–27 July 2012 : proceedings. Munich, IEEE, 2012, pp. 3584–3587. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6350642
Stilla U., Schmitt M., Maksymiuk O. et al. Towards the recognition of individual trees in decimeter-resolution airborne millimeterwave SAR, Pattern Reconition in Remote Sensing : 8th IAPR Workshop, Stockholm, 24 August 2014 : proceedings. Stockholm, IEEE, 2014, pp. 48–51. DOI: 10.1109/PRRS.2014.6914287
Baqué R., Castet N., Fromage P. et al. Ultra-High Resolution and Long Range X-Band Airborne SAR System, International Conference on Radar, Brisbane, 27–31 August 2018 : proceedings. Brisbane, IEEE, 2018, pp. 388–393. DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2018.8557220
Baqué R., Castet N., Fromage P. et al. SETHI/RAMSES-NG new performances of the flexible multi-spectral airborne remote sensing research platform, International Conference on Radar Systems, Nuremberg, 11–13 October 2017: proceedings. Nuremberg, IEEE, 2017, pp. 191–194.
Krieger G., Huber S., Villano M. et al. SIMO and MIMO System Architectures and Modes for High-Resolution UltraWide-Swath SAR Imaging, EUSAR : 11th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Hamburg, 6–9 June 2016 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2016, pp. 1–6.
Krieger G., Huber S., Younis M. et al. In-Orbit Relative Amplitude and Phase Antenna Pattern Calibration for Tandem-L, EUSAR : 12th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, Aachen, 4–7 June 2018 : proceedings. Berlin, VDE, 2018, pp. 421–426.
Volosyuk V. K., Pavlikov V. V., Zhyla S. S. Phenomenological Description of the Electromagnetic Field and Coherent Images in Radio Engineering and Optical Systems, Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory : 17th International Conference, Kiev, 2–5 July 2018: proceedings. Kiev, IEEE, 2018, pp. 302–305. DOI: 10.1109/MMET.2018.8460321
Volosyuk V. K., Zhila S. S, Kolesnikov D. V. Phenomenological description of coherent radar images based on the concepts of the measure of set and stochastic integral, Telecommunications and Radio Engineering, 2019, Vol. 78, Issue 1, pp. 19–30. DOI: 10.1615/TelecomRadEng.v78.i1.30
Volosyuk V. K., Kravchenko V. F. Statistical Theory of Radio-Engineering Systems of Remote Sensing and Radar. Moscow, Fizmatlit, 2008, 704 p.
Kravchenko V. F., Kutuza B. G., Volosyuk V. K. et al. Super-resolution SAR imaging: Optimal algorithm synthesis and simulation results, Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, St. Petersburg, 22–25 May 2017 : proceedings. St. Petersburg, IEEE, 2017, pp. 419–452. DOI:10.1109/PIERS.2017.8261776
Volosyuk V. K., Zhyla S. S. Optimal radar cross section estimation in synthetic aperture radar, Electrical and Computer Engineering : 1st Ukraine Conference, Kiev, 29 May – 2 June 2017 : proceedings. Kiev, IEEE, 2017, pp. 189–193. DOI:10.1109/UKRCON.2017.8100471
Volosyuk V. K., Zhyla S. S., Antonov M. O. et al. Optimal acquisition mode and signal processing algorithm in syntetic aperture radar, Electronics and Nanotechnology : 37th International Conference, Kiev, 18–20 April 2017 : proceedings. Kiev, IEEE, 2017, pp. 511–516. DOI:10.1109/ELNANO.2017.7939804
Pavlikov V. V., Volosyuk V. K., Zhyla S. S. et al. Active Aperture Synthesis Radar for High Spatial Resolution Imaging, Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals : 9th International Conference, Odessa, 4–7 September 2018 : proceedings. Odessa, IEEE, 2018, pp. 252–255. DOI:10.1109/UWBUSIS.2018.8520021
Blednov V. I., Pavlikov V. V., Jakuschenko I. Filtration of the radar images by filters with weighting coefficients of classical and new Kravchenko windows, Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Workshop on Terahertz Technologies : 6th International Kharkov Symposium, Kharkov, 25–30 June 2007 : proceedings. Kharkov, IEEE, 2007, pp. 986–988. DOI: 10.1109/MSMW.2007.4294883
Pavlikov V. V. Application of Kravchenko windows in problems of formation of the radar subsurface layers images by the onboard radar of subsurface sensing, Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Workshop on Terahertz Technologies : 6th International Kharkov Symposium, Kharkov, 25–30 June 2007 : proceedings. Kharkov, IEEE, 2007, pp. 938–940. DOI: 10.1109/MSMW.2007.4294867
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 V. K. Volosyuk, S. S. Zhyla, M. V. Ruzhentsev, A. D. Sobkolov, E. O. Tserne, D. V. Kolesnikov, D. S. Vlasenko, M. S. Topal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Licensing Notifications in the Copyright Notices
The journal allows the authors to hold the copyright without restrictions and to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
The journal allows readers to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of its articles.
The journal allows to reuse and remixing of its content, in accordance with a Creative Commons license СС BY -SA.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
-
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY-SA that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
